2015-Jan-26, 02:29:36
(2015-Jan-25, 05:19:51)Meng Hu Wrote: I have read the conversation in this forum a while ago, and rather quickly, so perhaps I missed something important here, I don't know (although, I have the feeling it had nothing to do with the arguments in defense of the race concept). But here's my first comments (the next ones will be given later).
Quote:Try instead "Traditional Human Races (THR) and Biologically Objective Races".
Quote:You have, by the way, written Sarich & Miele (2002) instead of (2004), in your argument A3, and Gobineu instead of Gobineau (two times; see IV-L). And in that same section, you have typed Franz Boaz instead of Boas. You have also typed Berneir (1688) four times (in section IV-D), instead of Bernier. I mean... there are quite a handful of awful errors of that kind...
Quote:Spencer (2011) presented an apologia for human races as ... it seems to be exclude micro intra-specific natural divisions and thus is also too exclusive.
Quote:Woodley (2009) outlined a consolidated concept in which biological races were said to be ... he noted that this implied a linage concept
Quote:Post-Darwin, species and genus were, in a sense, ontologically demoted.
Quote:does not yet preclude to view their inherited differences as originally unified differences as originally unified in their phylum in more predispositions
Quote:Thus, for example, if one is going to maintain that for something to be biological real
Quote:given some pa-biological criteria of “sufficient distinctness”
Quote:neither discrete nor essentialist, as the historical concept would have it. (James, 2012;emphasis added)
Quote:Like Kant, Buffon did not consider albinos to constitute a race, since to be a members of a race is to share a common linage with other members of the same race
Quote:the same property which explain why individual belong to a population
Quote:As historian James Lennox (2009) has noted, ... "Aristotelian essentialism" in modern philosophy” (Lennox, 2009). ... Unfortunately, James (2012) does not do this
Quote:Sober (1980) tells us that it involves a " Natural State Model", according to which
Quote:For Darwin, species as with intraspecific divisions were arbitrary in that they did not carve out real or natural divisions in the species realist sense. They were, nonetheless, natural in the sense meant by Kant and current thinkers.
Quote:For one cannot turn a family of animals into a special kind if it belongs with another one to one and the same system of generation of nature.
(2015-Jan-28, 04:42:41)Meng Hu Wrote: Several corrections could be made
(2015-Feb-04, 16:44:13)Dalliard Wrote: John asked me to comment on this article, so here goes.
Quote:some have simply argue against certain erroneous conceptions in general
Quote:istorically unjustified requirements – deep discontinuities, privileged levels, a lack of within groups variability, taxonomic category status, few in number, etc. --have been out to deconstruct the very concept
Quote:This could be a case of clever sillies, of intellectuals playing word games and stretching the bounds of reason to show off their aptitude; yet, unfailing passionate advocacy argues against a clever silly hypothesis (Charlton, 2012)1. What else? The early race debate sheds light on the matter.
Quote:The position that different human groups represented different species (that is, did not share a common ancestry)
Quote:aid in achieving this post-racial end.
.
When it
Quote: Scientists have a responsibility to do what they can to prevent abuses of their work
Quote:For HoSang (2014) biological race concepts are used to construct oppressive social structures and to legitimize racial injustice:
A cursory review of Sesardic’s (2010) [defense of the biological race concept] makes clear that Sesardic advances this argument in large part to recover and legitimate the work of scholars affiliated with the Pioneer Fund, a group founded by American Nazis and Eugenicists in 1937 that has supported some of the most infamous white supremacist research in the twentieth century: studies by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, Arthur Jensen, William Shockley, Linda Gottfredson, and Phillipe Rushton (Tucker 2002)…Sesardic develops the “genomic challenge” thesis in order to recover and legitimate intellectual claims for white supremacy....
As the case of Hsu and Sesardic make clear, the invocation of race as a scientific category has always been linked to the production and naturalization of a social hierarchy. The very substance and rationale of their inquiry is only cognizable within this implicit framework of white supremacy
Quote:For Appaih (1989) biological race (or at least "racialism") supports "intrinsic
Quote: Racialism is not, in itself a doctrine that must be dangerous
Quote:differentiate morally between embers of different races,
Quote:gives the a moral interest in that person, so an intrinsic racist holds that the bare fact of being of the same races is a reason for preferring one person to another.
.
Quote:For Kitcher (2007) biological race concepts lead to stereotyping and with it racial discrimination and, as a result, unjust inequalities:
In fact the practice [of stereotyping] is even more hideous that I have represented it as being, for a better explanation of the correlations involved past applications of racial concept...So at the root of the causal story are past practices of identifying some people by superficial characteristics, viewing them as belonging to a separate race, and, in consequence, cramping and confining their aspirations and their lives. Crude essentialist notions of race, often committed to prejudiced speculations about the "biological basis" of various cognitive and behavioral traits, have played crucial roles in these practices. Application of the notion of race is thus ultimately responsible for the correlations adduced to "defend" the current practices of stereotyping".
Quote:(g) Inequality between groups, racial or otherwise, is not morally problematics, per se.
Quote:Excessive inequality might be circumstances depending.
Quote:One could – and this all has been done regarding family and religion as social formations. Such critiques not infrequently have been made – though they have not yet been extended to the use of the concepts; such thought-censoring would be a bridge too far, familiar as these ideas are.
Quote:while sociobiologist O.E. Wilson
Quote:We will consider one major justifications
Quote:We will discuss the problem with argument based on inequality latter on.Needs pl. I think.
Quote:–makes more likely the use of ethnic markers based on phenotype.
Quote:Racial identity and, by way of, the race concept would not be problematic because it is made up -- because races are myths constructed willy-nilly for economic ends -- but rather because it reasonably accurately identifies – or is thought to -- genealogical divisions and because people, indeed all organisms, have evolved to be genetically selfish and, accordingly, have evolved dispositions to discriminate according to cultural and phenotypic indexes of genetic propinquity (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1972; van den Berghe, 1981; Rushton, 1989a; Salter and Harpending, 2013)
Quote:The same argument can be made with regards to religion. Presumably, religion taps into something which does or can moves people.
Quote:HoSang’s (2014) is a frequently heard genealogical critique of the genealogical concept of race. The historical grounding, though, is nonexistent. One need not commit oneself to such an untenable position, however. The American Anthropological Association (AAA), for example, simply maintains that that “race” underwrites the “racial worldview” which is bad because it "was invented to assign some groups to perpetual low status, while others were permitted access to privilege, power, and wealth.” The AAA, in this statement, conveniently makes no distinction between “race” in the specific and intraspecific senses -- and leaves unsaid the egalitarian employment of the intraspecific race concept. While neither concept – species or subspecies --was “invented” to create social hierarchies, the AAA does not commit itself to this claim. Rather it does to the position that the “racial worldview” was. The race concept is only guilty by association. The phrase “racial worldview” seems to refer to Smedley’s (1998) concept, which is characterized as (to paraphrase):
Quote: The AAA’s indictment of it rests
Quote:We now must now consider this issue.
Quote:well turn out to be like the know class differences, substantially genetically conditioned (Rowe et al., 1998; Trzaskowski, 2014)
Quote: Drawing on a systems perspective,
Quote:True hereditarians would do more still. It would complicated many historical narratives. Time constraints preclude us from elaborating on this latter point.